Malcolm X As A Transformational Leader - 2159 Words

From his troubled childhood to his politically powerful movement for Black equality, Malcolm Little, later known as Malcolm X, evolved into a transformational leader. The effects of his leadership were felt around the world during the 1960s. Americans were faced with great uncertainty during this time. For all minority groups in the United States, politics, the government and its laws, and society as a whole were changing drastically. In response to years of oppression, a collection of concerned groups formed the civil rights movement which rallied African American people together to fight for equal rights, access, and opportunities. Malcolm X was one of the most influential civil rights leaders of this era as the loudest voice for the African American community. His leadership was effective because of the way he utilized a radical idea to convert and influence his followers. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska as one of eight children. He learned very early on the value of his African American history and culture. His father was a Baptist minister and an avid supporter of Pan-African activists which attracted death threats and violence from white supremacist groups. He was later suspiciously killed and Malcolm’s mother suffered an emotional breakdown and was later committed to a mental institution. Sadly Malcolm was displaced from his home and forced into foster care where he had no support system and felt the weight of white oppression daily. NebraskaShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X : An Extraordinary Figure For African Americans1647 Words   |  7 Pages Malcolm X is an extraordinary figure for African Americans. He is one of the most historic and significant human beings in American history. Malcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louise Little, was 28 years young and his father Earl Little was an outspoken Baptist minister and supporter of Marcus Garvey s â€Å"Back to Africa Movement†. Malcom had 3 half siblings from his father’s previous marriage and later 6 additional kids. His push for Civil Right made him a targetRead MoreApplying Adult Learning Theory Through Character Analysis Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis of Malcolm X, portrayed by actor Denzel Washington from the film â€Å"Malcolm X†. The focus is to examine the theoretical perspective of adult learning theories transformative learning and that of social learning and how they impact character learning and development. Applying Adult Learning Theory through A character Analysis The film â€Å"Malcolm X,† produced by Worth, written and directed by Lee (1992) portrays the life of civil right’s leader Malcolm X as he makes his transformational journeyRead MoreUtilization Of The Situational Approach1249 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach to leadership, Malcolm X was a 9,9 team management style of leader. The theory suggests that leaders essentially conduct task behaviors and relationship behaviors when influencing followers. The combination of a strong emphasis on tasks and interpersonal relationships produces team management style leaders. The â€Å"interdependence through a common stake in organization purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect. (Northouse 76) The trust and respect Malcolm X built from being authenticRead MoreCompare Malcom X David Walker and Booker T2406 Words   |  10 PagesCompare and contrast Malcolm X, David Walker, and Booker T Washington I would like to thank my entire group members and Professor Donaldson whose comments and suggestions had been very helpful to improve the quality of this final paper. I have tried for the best of my ability to incorporate in this final version, all their great ideas about the format and the content of the documents. Professor Donaldson suggested â€Å"I am going to suggest that you do a little reorganizing.   First of all, you shouldRead MoreMahatma Gandhis Leadership Styles1655 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they follow the lead. Mahatma Gandhi is a world renowned leader who was a politician, a writer, an intellectual and a gifted orator. I find it incredible that as a young boy, Gandhi did not display any leadership qualities. He was a below average student (lack-luster) and very shy. His remarkable metamorphosis from a dull boy to a brilliant leader attests to the fact that good leaders are made. He has inspired and motivated great leaders such as Albert Einstein, Nelson Mandela an d Barack Obama.Read MoreThe Accomplishments Of Muhammad Ali Essay2291 Words   |  10 Pageshis career. His personality, traits, and mindset shaped him to be one of the most influential athletes in history. Ali shows basic characteristics of a leader and through his continued adversities shows and promotes many theories that changed and influenced many of his followers. Through his ability to apply his big five traits and transformational leadership style he became a legendary icon. Background: Muhammad Ali was a former Olympic and World Champion Boxer who earned respect and fought hardRead MoreInside Fedex Express15684 Words   |  63 PagesWorld Given the FedEx Express reputation, I initially expected to find the use of superior management processes such as Six Sigma, Lean, Theory of Constraints, or TQM. After all, FedEx Express was the first service company ever to win the Malcolm Baldridge Award in 1990. Although I did find a well managed company, there was no Six-Sigma company-wide, no Lean program, and little evidence of the TQM processes. Yet the company excels. The company earned accolades from within the industryRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEmotions from Faces? 124 S A L S A L 5 Personality and Values 131 Personality 133 What Is Personality? 133 †¢ The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 135 †¢ The Big Five Personality Model 136 †¢ Other Personality Traits Relevant to OB 139 x CONTENTS Values 144 The Importance of Values 144 †¢ Terminal versus Instrumental Values 144 †¢ Generational Values 145 Linking an Individual’s Personality and Values to the Workplace 148 Person–Job Fit 148 †¢ Person–Organization Fit 150 InternationalRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesFourth Edition I. Management 17 17 2. The Evolution of Management Thought Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy †¢ Leadership, Fifth Edition I. Leadership is a Process, Not a Position 51 51 70 1. Leadership is Everyone’s Business 2. Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. Leadership: Exerting Influence and Power 94 94 Text Palmer−Dunford−Akin †¢ Managing Organizational Change 2. Images of Managing Change 121 121Read MoreStrategic Management Process12814 Words   |  52 Pageshe called the â€Å"knowledge worker† and explained the consequences of this for management. He said that knowledge work is non-hierarchical. Work would be carried out in teams with the person most knowledgeable in the task at hand being the temporary leader. In 1985, Ellen-Earle Chaffee summarized what she thought were the main elements of strategic management theory by the 1970s:[8] †¢ Strategic management involves adapting the organization to its business environment. †¢ Strategic management is fluid

Beginners Guide to Essay Writing - 1269 Words

As many of my fellow batch mates are facing the writer’s block in completing Essay I decided to write this guide to help them, so that they can put to best use the last few days they have with their family members (current and would-be). DISCLAIMER - First and the most important thing. This is not for those unearthly souls who want to touch that legendary upper word limit. Try to be humble and be content with 80%. It’s not that bad a number you see. This is also not for those who think it’s their god-assigned duty to find if what you are answering is what was asked. So if you are one of these, the best action you can take now with respect to this document is click the small â€Å"X† button in the top right corner of this document. This is†¦show more content†¦10. Stretch the meaning of the word describe to its limits. When they say describe, you DESCRIBE. No detail is unnecessary and no information trivial unless you have crossed the word limit. 11. Anyone from IT industry will know the importance of reuse of work already done by you or someone else does, even if that reuse meant copy paste and portraying it as new effort and billing the client for the same. Use that approach in your answers. For example answer question 9 properly and you do not need to answer question 15 again. All you will need is a trimming of 50 words. 12. I have skipped question 13 as I had no intention of creating an imaginary situation in my pretty normal and straight forward life of 24 years which would have asked me to act in a non-traditional way. In case you feel you can do it, then you are most welcome. 13. When the whole world is for gender equality we as future managers should not lag behind. Bring gender equality in your answers. When you are referring to a third person use him or her, he or she instead of just him and he. 14. If you were not a part of any social or cultural organization then you cannot skip question 14. Some senior has already posted as to how you can write about the clubs you were part of in the college. And there is no shortage of clubs and committees in any college. Cultural club, movie club, Cricket club, Soccer club. You name it andShow MoreRelatedFree Writing Is A Common Issue Among Beginner Writers985 Words   |  4 Pagesissue amongst beginner writers. Learning to write freely takes practice. An exercise that may help you to organize your thought process is called free writing. Free writing is a form of pre-writing. It is important to become familiar with this technique. Most English professors’ use this tool to assist their students with organizing their creative thought. In this essay, I will reveal the true meaning behind the mastery of free writing. Writer s Block is a common issue amongst beginner writers. TheRead MoreEnglish as a Second Language1197 Words   |  5 Pagespractice, they cannot express their thoughts. I think it is because of the typical learning style here - teacher oriented method, book – centered method. Teacher usually speaks Russian in the classroom, lessons are all the same: reading a book and writing exercises. Students do not speak any English during the lesson, all their discussions, questions and teacher’s explanations are in Russian. The only possibility to speak English is attending an English club once a week for an additional charge. ManyRead MoreA Report On The Mosque1474 Words   |  6 PagesZERODERICK WILLIAMS KEVIN MORGAN HUMANITIES EAST-WEST FINAL ESSAY RESPONSES A The most recent mosque created by the ottomans was the Yildiz Mosque located in the neighborhood of BeÅŸiktaÅŸ district in Istanbul, Turkey, on the way to YÄ ±ldÄ ±z Palace. The mosque was commissioned by Abdul Hamid II, and constructed around 1884 and 1886. In comparison the hypo mosque relatively small dome also appears over the area in front of the mihrab. The arch in Umayyad architecture is primarily round in shapeRead MoreThe Wrestler s Body : Identity And Ideology1365 Words   |  6 PagesFeminist Theory A Thesis Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree Victoria University, Victoria, and Australia. Buysse Jo Ann M. And Melissa Sheridan Embser-Herbert 2004 Constructions of Gender in Sport: An Analysis of Intercollegiate Media Guide Cover Photographs. Sage Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women in Sports and Physical Activity [CAAWS] (2005). Success Stories: Increasing Opportunities for Girls and Women in National and Multi-Sport Organizations CAAWS: Ottawa, Ont. CarterRead MoreWhat Links Theory Into Practice Within The Classroom1647 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology in EFL language teaching can be characterized in a number of ways. It is believed that methodology is what links theory into practice within the classroom. There are many different teaching methods that can be used in the classroom; in this essay I will compare and contrast the traditional grammar translation method, the communicative teaching approach and the audio-lingual method and the communicative approach and how they impact in the classroom environment. Deciding which method is bestRead MoreThe Relationship Between Knowledge-Telling and Knowledge-Transforming Strategies2957 Words   |  12 Pagesto achieve effective writing. The following discussion will explore the characteristics of the expert writer and the beginner and what makes effective writing. I will examine and contrast the two models of writing, shed light on the strengths of Murray’s and Martlew’s statement in the context of understanding the effectiveness of the use of the knowledge-telling and knowledge-transforming models. First, let us consider the aspects of elementary writing, we can best understandRead MoreCtlls 003 Assessment1792 Words   |  8 PagesHowever, for students applying for a beginners course where they are expected to be introduced to working with metal, a practical task would be an unfair assessment and therefore an interview would be more appropriate to meet the prospective learner, gauge any previous knowledge and assess their needs and aims for the course/programme. As a continuous process throughout a course/programme, formative assessment can include a variety of methods from essay writing to group work, exams (both practicalRead MoreAssignment on Nursing Theoriest2013 Words   |  9 Pagesmainly into four different groups, which are, Philosophy, Conceptual model and Grand theories, Theories and Middle range nursing theories. Benner’s Dreyfus model of skill acquisition theory comes under the first category, which is the philosophy. This essay discusses the significance of Dr Patricia Benner’s skill acquisition theory based on the Dreyfus model, reviewing the five different levels of the theory including its application in today’s nursing practice and assessing its importance in my own futureRead More The Beauty of Language2201 Words   |  9 Pagesdesperately to be admired. My heart is filled with a love for writing. Besides writing to complete tasks and assignments, I write to unveil the beauty of language. This beauty, created simply with words, meaning, and punctuation, is one that is uniquely crafted by its author. I, like many writers, have learned what it means to truly craft a piece of work. Before entering college, I had become accustomed to writing one draft essays. I never appreciated or understood the need for multiple draftsRead MoreManagement Skills Learning And Development Plan2265 Words   |  10 Pagesand class communication 2. Skill Area: Report Presentation and writing skills †¢ Broad Goal: For a manager, it is essential to present reports and writing some crucial documents, In this regard, there is a need of having effective report presentation and writing communication skills (Lussier, 2011). In respect to this, I want to have skills of presenting good and attractive reports and writing some catching pieces of writing. †¢ SMART Goal: For attaining this broach goal, I have already

Romeo and Juliet in Love or Hit with Infatuation Free Essays

Romeo and Juliet: in love or hit with infatuation To the person that has these feelings infatuation and actual love are very difficult to differentiate. Even if these two emotions are very similar they have different effects on ones life. In infatuation usually develops to quickly such as â€Å"love at first sight†. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet: in Love or Hit with Infatuation or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand real love grows moderately and takes time, but the effects last longer. In my opinion this â€Å"star struck† couple was simply hit with infatuation not love. In this Shakespearean story feelings of love are portrayed, when actually most of the events that occur relate to infatuation such as Romeo and Juliet’s instant feelings toward each other. One of the signs of infatuation according to June Callwood, a writer from the Globe and Mail archives, is an instant feeling of affection, â€Å"love at first sight†. Romeo and Juliet experienced this when they met in the party held by the Capulets. Even On the balcony Juliet barely knows his name and already she was talking about her â€Å"love† for Romeo. Not only did this â€Å"love at first sight† occur quickly, but Romeo had this feeling after the incident with Rosaline. The fact that this event happened to Romeo after the event with Rosaline, only serves to further on support the definition of infatuation. When Romeo met Juliet he was as one would say â€Å"on the rebound†, which caused him to fall in the state of infatuation. These along with many other events could have been the cause of Romeo falling for Juliet. Their quick affection for each other didn’t allow them to think things thru and caused them to rush into a relationship they were not ready for. Another sign of infatuation is the great feeling one has to marry the other person. Romeo and Juliet rushed into a marriage without knowing much about each other. Their quick marriage was an event that might have had a lot to do with their death. This rush into actions without thinking is a result of the effects of infatuation. Some might say that their marriage occurred because they â€Å"loved† each other, but research has shown that the relationships that last longest develop slowly. These long lasting marriages did not occur as quickly like Romeo and Juliet’s, instead they took their time to make sure one is ready. Romeo and Juliet not only married quickly, but most of the time they all they wanted was physical enjoyment. In act 2 scene 2, the balcony scene, Romeo says â€Å"O wilt thou leave me unsatisfied? †. Those who are in real love are patient and don’t just want sex. This dissatisfaction without physical enjoyment is one of the greatest signs of infatuation. How to cite Romeo and Juliet: in Love or Hit with Infatuation, Papers

International Journal Selection Assessment -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Journal Selection Assessment? Answer: Introducation Organizational structure plays an important role in motivating employees and creating an environment of work within the business. Every organization follows a different structure and this is important to the success of the business (Daley, 2012). Centralized organizations have one person or team at the center of the business and they hold the decision making authority in the firm. Such a structure is often required by businesses. However, employees feel a lack of participation and this adversely impacts their performance. Decentralized organization structure, on the other hand, transfers the authority from the center to local departments of the business and provides employees with a better opportunity at making important decisions for the firm. Such a structure makes employees feel valued and hence they feel a larger sense of ownership towards the business. Certain organizations have a large span of control which means that a single person is responsible for a large number of people. Certain businesses require this to ensure a similar flow of information throughout the business. However, it often becomes increasingly difficult to for a single person to take such a huge responsibility. This in turn impacts employees performance. Similarly, a flat organizational structure divides roles and responsibility among people by the virtue of their caliber rather than their designation. It encourages employees to take more ownership in the business as opposed to in a hierarchical structure (Truss, Mankin, Kelliher, 2012). Organizational culture refers to the ideas, beliefs and the values that are upheld by the organizational employees. This culture is highly important and directly impacts employee performances. A positive work culture with an effective flow of information and communication builds trust and respect (Alvesson, 2012). This helps employees to perform better. Conducting team building activities and encouraging communication among employees helps in building a positive culture. Such a culture enables people to work together with better understanding and deeper respect. Factors influencing individual behavior at work For the success of any business, the performance of its employees plays a vital role. This performance depends on various factors that exist in the workplace. Work timings, work culture, communication in the organization, work-life balance at the job are all factors that influence employee performance. A positive working environment and an open communication system among employees leads to employees feeling motivated towards the business. This helps in improving employee performance. Relationship with peers is crucial in creating the work environment for employees. If the relationship among employees is based on trust and respect then their performance also improves. Rewards and recognition that is given to employees also create a positive atmosphere for employees to work in. They feel motivated when they are rewarded as they realize that their efforts are being valued by the business (Jehanzeb, Rasheed Rasheed, 2012). The attitude of the manager or leader also impacts employee performance. A vibrant, positive and charismatic leader leads employees to work hard and fulfill organizational goals. Lastly, an individuals personality also impacts his or her performance in the organization. A punctual, sincere, hardworking employee who aligns his or her goals to those of the organization will be self-motivated and will also create a positive environment for those around him. Contribution of HRM to organizations objectives Strategic human resource management forms the backbone of every organization. Human resource managements primary function is to bring in the human resource by recruiting the right people for the right job and at the right time (Bratton Gold, 2012). This function is highly important because employees are the most important assets of any business. For the success of any business, it is important that every employee has a clear idea about his or her roles and responsibilities and is motivated enough to fulfill them to the best of their ability. This is the function of the HR department for any business. HR department ensures that employee performances are frequently reviewed and all employees are given a transparent and honest feedback about their performance. This is important for employees to understand where they stand and work towards consistently improving their performance. HR department of the business also associates itself with conducting team building activities and building the culture of the organization (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). This is highly important for employees and enables them to work to the best of their ability. It also sets the right environment for the office, builds a strong value system and creates authenticity throughout the business leading to increased trust and positivity. Impact of legislation on HRM in the UK The legislation is the field of HRM plays a vital role in ensuring that employees and employers are protected against exploitation of any kind. Employment law of UK ensures that employees across the country are paid above a minimum wage. The law also ensures that no discrimination is made on the basis of race, caste, creed or sex during recruitment process at any business. These laws also provide job security to employees. Employment laws also take responsibility to ensure complete safety of employees at their respective workplaces. These laws are important to make sure that employees are safe, have a secure job and are not exploited at work. This ultimately results in employee motivation and increased value for employees efforts. On the other hand, various data protection laws prevent employees from disclosing confidential data of the organization to any outside resource. Such laws protect businesses by maintaining the privacy of data. Stages in recruitment and selection Recruitment and selection of the right employees in the business are very crucial to the success of the business (Taylor, 2014). Therefore organizations take their recruitment process very seriously. There are various stages between understanding the need of additional employees to finally selecting the right employee for the role. These stages include: Defining requirements This stage refers to organizations identifying the gap between the current number of employees and the total required number of employees for the smooth running of the business. A need is hence identified of recruiting additional people in the business. Attracting candidates Once the need has been identified, efforts are made to attract candidates from different parts of the world. This is done through social media, online job portal and recruitment consultants (Garner, 2012). The companys website also advertises job vacancies so that interested candidates may send in their application. Resume shortlisting The last step attracts various applications from different candidates. Therefore, in this step, the organizations HR department shortlists few candidates for the next step from the applications that have been received. Ideally, the application consists of a resume and a cover letter which has required details about the employees previous work experiences and current qualification. Interview The shortlisted candidates are then invited for an interview. This stage may be followed by a telephonic interview or not. The interview is aimed at understanding the candidate better and analyzing the candidates strengths and weaknesses. During the interview process, the organization also tries to familiarize the candidate with the job (Cascio, 2018). This stage is also often characterized by negotiation between the organization and the candidate in terms of the remuneration. Selection Once all the details have been finalized, the selected candidate is given a formal offer letter which consists details of the candidates joining. This includes joining date, documents to be carried at the time of joining, a person of contact as well as any other important detail that might be important to the candidate New recruitment and selection strategies Recruitment process of different organizations is improving by the day. There are various strategies that are adopted by businesses to ensure that the right candidates are attracted to the right jobs. Social media recruitments have become an important part of the recruitment process. This includes promoting job vacancies through social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram or Twitter (Melanthiou, Pavlou Constantinou, 2015). These platforms are used by organizations to make people aware of the business. Job vacancies for social media platforms are done via the companys official pages as well as various recruitment pages. For example, Facebook has many pages where recruiters post their requirements and interested candidates send in their applications. Social recruiting also has an added advantage as recruiters are now able to see the social media profile of the candidate. This helps them in getting to know the employee better. Recruiting through LinkedIn is also very effective. The platform contains all the details about a persons work history and recommendations from their professional circle (Nikolaou, 2014). It is a professional page and hence people work hard towards making that page an attractive application. Ways to motivate workers In any business, it is highly important that the employees of the business remain motivated. There are various ways in which employees should be motivated. This motivation helps them perform better and feel valued in the business. Employee motivation also works towards establishing longer-term relationships with employees. Strategies adopted by businesses to motivate their employees are as below: Rewards and recognition When employees are rewarded for their work or given recognition in front of a large set of people, it motivates them to work harder and earn that reward or recognition again (Dobre, 2013). This helps them feel that their efforts are being valued and hence they build a deeper sense of ownership towards the business. Job description While recruiting an employee, the HR manager must make sure that the job roles are clearly defined. This will enable candidates who are genuinely interested in the job to apply for the job. When employees job roles are clear, they are able to perform better and it also helps them in aligning their personal and professional goals with those of the organization. This motivates them and leads to an improved performance. Clear goals There are various employees who are motivated when their need to accomplish is fulfilled. Therefore, it is important that businesses set clear goals for the employees and upon their accomplishment employees get motivated to perform better (Lazaroiu, 2015). Vague goals demotivate employees and adversely impact their performance. Positive work culture Positive work culture of the business motivates employees to work hard and achieve goals. A positive work culture brings an element of positivity, trust, and respect among employees. Such a culture reduces employee stress and helps them in performing better. Empower employees When employees are given more authority, responsibility and decision making power then they feel motivated to perform better owing to an increased sense of ownership for the business. Therefore organizations must empower employees. Link between motivational theories, job evaluation, and rewards Maslows hierarchy of needs explains that once physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, people crave for love/belonging as well as esteem needs (Anderson, 2014). Organizations must ensure that employees are given roles that help in fulfilling their esteem needs. This would lead to increased employee satisfaction and hence better work culture. Herzbergs two-factor theory suggests that there are two sets of factors that motivate or demotivate employees to work hard. Effective rewards can help in motivating employees. It is important that managers can identify these factors and work towards ensuring a positive workplace culture for employees (Alshmemri, Shahwan-Akl Maude, 2017). Vrooms theory explains that an employees behavior is a result of the conscious choices made by the employee. He stated that employees level of motivation, their efforts, and their performance are all interlinked. Therefore, organizations must ensure their employees are motivated to ensure better efforts and performance from their end. The motivation of employees plays a vital role that largely influences employee performance. Rewards are an effective way of motivating employees. Frequent job evaluation also helps in understand employee performance, their expectations as well as their strengths and weaknesses. Effective job evaluation is aimed at improving employee performance. Effectiveness of different leadership and management styles on employee performance Leadership and management styles adopted by the seniors of the business widely impact the performance of the employees working under them. Certain managers believe in rewarding employees for their hard work while some leaders are bureaucratic in nature. If a leadership style is democratic then the environment and work culture are positive with open communication and transparent feedback. This positively impacts employee performances as they remain motivated in that structure. Leaders leading by example also affect employee performance by motivating them through their own actions (Bello, 2012). A dynamic and positive leader can create a highly optimistic atmosphere in the workplace. Such a leader can motivate employees to work hard and perform better. Charismatic leaders have a vibrant personality and they work towards encouraging employees. Autocratic leaders create a strict environment to work in. They do not create a transparent flow of communication and often levy penalties. This kind of a working structure also motivates certain employees to work hard. No leadership style can effectively work for all the employees. However, every leader must put in efforts to motivate their employees and enhance their morale from time to time. This will widely affect employee performance. Impact of employment-related legislation on termination arrangements Laws ensure that termination of an employee of any employees exit from an organization takes place in an effective manner. Employees must serve a notice period to the organization in which they work. Such laws also prevent employees from absconding organizations and ensuring that they do not leave the organization suddenly or without a prior notice. These laws are made to ensure that employees leave the organization in an effective manner by following the required protocol. Such laws also protect the employee from unlawful termination. Organizations cannot fire an employee without a valid reason or a prior notice. Exit interviews must be conducted for every employee that makes an exit from the firm. If an employee resigns from the firm, these laws ensure that there are no dues towards the employee or the business. At the time of retirement of an employee, these laws play an important role in making sure that employee gets his or her due in the form of gratuity bonus, pension or retirement bonus as discussed at the time of joining. The reason behind having these laws in place is to make sure that employees exit the organization in an effective, transparent and highly professional manner. The advantages of these laws run both ways and this also ensures that employees are protected against unlawful or wrongful termination. References Alshmemri, M., Shahwan-Akl, L. and Maude, P., 2017. Herzbergs two-factor theory.Life Science Journal,14(5). Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Anderson, A., 2014. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.The Prairie Light Review,36(2), p.7. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bello, S.M., 2012. Impact of ethical leadership on employee job performance.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(11). Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012.Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Cascio, W., 2018.Managing human resources. United States. McGraw-Hill Education. Daley, D.M., 2012. Strategic human resources management.Public Personnel Management, pp.120-125. Dobre, O.I., 2013. Employee motivation and organizational performance.Tabel of Contents. Garner, E., 2012.Recruitment and Selection. The United Kingdom Bookboon. Jehanzeb, K., Rasheed, M.F. and Rasheed, A., 2012. Impact of rewards and motivation on job satisfaction in banking sector of Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(21). Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Employee motivation and job performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, p.97. Melanthiou, Y., Pavlou, F. and Constantinou, E., 2015. The use of social network sites as an e-recruitment tool.Journal of Transnational Management,20(1), pp.31-49. Nikolaou, I., 2014. Social networking web sites in job search and employee recruitment.International Journal of Selection and Assessment,22(2), pp.179-189. Taylor, S., 2014. Recruitment and selection.Strategic Human Resource Management: An International Perspective,10(6), pp.139-14. Truss, C., Mankin, D. and Kelliher, C., 2012.Strategic human resource management. Oxford University Press.

Nice Manager Essays - Human Resource Management,

Nice Manager Introduction The organizational issue that will be addressed is the managements perception of nice as one of the critical hiring criteria. There are other relevant criteria that this human resource team should be focusing on rather than focusing on whether a manager is nice. How the human resource (HR) team conduct research on whether Mr. Harry Creighton qualifies as a potential candidate for the manager position. They discover that he has great qualities to be an effective manager. However, they do not have some concerns that he may not be able to fit the managers seat. The pending action for Chisum Industries management team is hiring senior management to support the organizational growth. Before the team can decide who to hire for this managers position, a set of criteria should be decided on in order to properly select the best candidate for the position. Part of the organizational growth is building a solid foundation which entails individuals who will be an effective manager who can lead a team and promote higher staff performance. Analysis One of the organizational issue is the perception of nice as a critical criteria for the hiring process. This is an issue because how the human resource (HR) team perceive the meaning of nice could possibly hinder Mr. Creighton from getting a promotion within the organization. The HR team is perceiving Mr. Creighton possibly unqualified because he is nice. The HR team is interpreting nice as a bad thing because it shows that he is unable to delegate directives to his team and allow them to accomplish the task alone. The team is perceiving these criteria through halo effect which is grouping the qualities and focus on only one possible bad quality instead of looking at the full picture of qualities that is being presented (Walker, 2007). HR could be missing on a great candidate due to one possible bad quality that can be changed through training. The HR team feels that Mr. Creighton has exhibited various qualities to become a manager. He was able to reverse the low morale and encourage staff to produce high team performance. This exemplifies his transformational leadership skills as well as high emotional intelligence skills. Transformational leaders are those who works towards improving their staff success by influencing their work values and needs (Alston, Dastoor, Emotional intelligence is when an individual acknowledges their emotions and control it as well as acknowledges their staffs emotions and can objectively channel it to be conducive to the organizational goals (Alston, Dastoor, This is a very important leadership style and one of the technique to have in order to be an effective manager. Solutions There are two possible solutions for Chisum Industries to resolve the issue of perceptions of nice as a criteria in the hiring process; first solution is conduct a 2nd interview in person to evaluate his leadership skills and testing his level of emotional intelligence. The second solution is review the exam with the potential candidates written responses that were provided on a real-life scenarios. In the first solution, it would provide candidates to make a first impression which is what will stick in peoples mind. During this 2nd interview, the potential candidates can wow the HR team through facial expressions, body language, and how they present themselves within a group of people (Walker, 2007). The HR team will be able to ask all the questions that gears to real-life scenarios to get a better understanding on how the candidate will actually handle various life situations. The candidates are able to express how they feel and how they would truly handle the situations. In the second solution, the HR team should review the answers to the questions that were asked of the potential candidates. These questions could be tailored to the type of leadership style that will be practiced. However, the HR team will not be provided with the visions of the candidates; but just be a vision on paper. How the candidates answers the questions are imperative to whether they are chosen for a promotion. It is sometimes difficult to deliver the true you in written form since it can perceive a certain way as oppose

Deterministic Schema Essays - Economic Ideologies, Socialism

Deterministic Schema Essays - Economic Ideologies, Socialism Deterministic Schema Marxism is a deterministic schema in that according to its doctrine, each subsequent turn of events is a direct result of a specific sequence of causes. According to Marx and Engels in this statement, each stage of history is inevitable and is pushed into the next stage by specific forces, particularly class struggle. Class struggle in a Feudalistic society between the Autocracy, some craftsmen, and infinite numbers of peasants, combined with the onset of the Commercial Revolution in the sixteenth century leads to capitalism. The Industrial revolution that accompanies capitalism causes a new kind of class structure and with it, a new kind of class struggle. The middle class grows in size and wealth while the peasants become the working class and decline in wealth as their depravity increases. The Labor Theory of Value states that the worker can never make it because s/he never receives enough money for the worth of the product. All of the profit goes to further investment and the pro letarian is left overworked and hungry. This class related problem leads to the failure of the capitalist revolution and pushes society into socialism. Socialism is state capitalism. The workers own the companies and the issue of class is avoided it is a classless society. As a deep down moralist, Marx is most interested in the class struggle fueled push into socialism. He is quite vague about the necessary push from socialism to communism, and is more interested in the capitalism socialism transition. Steps cannot be skipped but can be sped up, so the question would be when will class struggle force society into communism from socialism. Communism according to the manifesto is the withering of the state and the ideal state of existence with much collaboration. Lenin takes the challenge of manipulating time (Marx didnt say when) and bringing communism into play. His was a combination of wanting to grab power for the will of the people and Marxism.

Renewable Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Renewable Energy - Essay Example Wind power: Wind power has been a major contender as the energy source of future. Some of the economic factors hampering the growth of the wind energy are the high estate rentals for wind farms and the high capital costs of turbines and connecting to the grid. However the operational costs of the turbines are very less. Geothermal: Geothermal energy is another renewable source that can be used. The source is extremely successful in the volcanic regions of the world. The use of this energy to regulate the temperature of homes can be a viable option for replacing ACs and heaters. However, the construction of power grids based on this source is a costly affair. Biofuels: With a small modification of a car engine, vehicles can be driven by biofuels such as ethanol, biodiesel, or used or unused vegetable oil. These biofuels are cheaper than petrol, have similar performance and emit less toxic gases. However the efficiency of the process in terms of gasoline as input and ethanol as output is still less and needs significant improvement. Tidal Power: With many of the rivers drying up, the future of hydro power is going to be coming from tidal waves. The major issue facing this energy source is the high maintenance cost of the propellant turbines in the marine environment. However the return in terms of power generated is maximum for the minimum area covered in this case. Wind energy provides us with a cheap low cost abundant energy source that can be used as an alternative to our current power grids. Over the years, wind energy production prices have gone down considerably thereby making it a cheap viable renewable energy source. The cost of generating electricity from wind comprises of: Over the years, technological advances have made it possible to achieve large economies of scale, with larger turbines and plant size, more grid friendly power electronics, and cost

Kozyndan as a collaboration of the artwork by two artists Essay

Kozyndan as a collaboration of the artwork by two artists - Essay Example They generally draw Panoramas and insert absurd things, considering them to be the whole western notion and have made this their central theme. Commonly known as mad scientists from Los Angeles who are working on a secret formula for controlled nuclear fusion like to take long and deep breaths and dip their heads in raspberry jelly and lemon curd bowls just for fun. They live indoors and don't paint on the walls. They mainly draw panoramas and bring a distinct Asian flavour in most of their work. Their products are perfect examples of new art and the freshness and newness in their work aggravates the urge to know and understand every stroke of the painting. On being asked to describe their work Kozy said: "We want to make stuff that will make people smile a bit. These pieces so far are not so deep - we have been restraining ourselves, though some of our... frustrations we have with what we see around us peep through from time to time. There is some sort of a theme of conflict between the industrialized world and nature. We prefer animals and the natural world to people any day, yet we are wholly sucked into the modern technological world. This kind of just shows up in our work from time to time - it's not a conscious thing. Typically we just think of something that is funny to us, but then looking back at the completed piece it usually has something to do with man's careless disregard for this hunk of rock we live on." This dynamic duo is having their first LA solo show of the year from May 7th to June 4th. Kozyndan paintings have been able to convey their message quite convincingly. They have also brought to light Kozy's narrow and focused eye on every detail of the aspect of their paintings. Kozy and Dan like to illustrate anything and everything out of the ordinary. They have both majored in Illustration and have specialised in digital artwork. Giant Robot magazine gave kozyndan their first break, setting up their first art show, printing their illustrations, and selling their merchandise at the Giant Robot store. Kozy and Dan offer a wide range of artwork including the illustrations, designs, comics and photography. Their works are available very easily across the globe. There are various museums, websites and shops that provide artwork by Kozyndan. Although, it is still believed that these places can not be compared with the variety of articles offered by the Kozyndan shop in LA. Kozy and Dan are married to each other and share their success together. They work in unison and respect and appreciate each other's works. Kozy does the detailed and the intricate drawings. While she works on the backgrounds Dan figures the roles and other details of the characters involved. Then Kozy redraws the sketches in her own style and adds even her own sketches. It is after this that Dan compiles all the characters into the original background and then they paint the pictures. Both of them are animal and nature freaks. In fact they have

The Success of Multiculturalism in Australia Compared to Other Parts Essay

The Success of Multiculturalism in Australia Compared to Other Parts of the World - Essay Example How well it has actually implemented in to the society is what this research plans to emphasize. In 2001, one would have that the country of Australia was a very welcoming country towards other ideas and beliefs. After all the National Olympics were held there in that year and during that whole time there was a great air of friendliness towards the large majority of ethnicities that had travelled to Australia from all around the world. One person would not have picked up on any bitterness or resentments towards other races at all. However, now in 2006 it seems those feelings have changed somewhat and there has been tension developing in the country concerning the idea of multiculturalism in its entirety (Suter 2001). Not only is this an issue, but the idea has developed that the country should offer sanctuary to refugee's seeking asylum from other parts of the globe has become a concern as well. There are a lot of Australians that are very up tight about this and aren't as welcoming of the concept as it was anticipated they would be. One such example is in the idea that Australia should provide refuge for Afghanian's wanting entrance to its borders in order to seek protection from violence and terrorism in their own country. The Australian Prime Minister has not been too fond of this thought concept and initially denied permission for one ship to land on a part of the country's territory close to the borders of Indonesia (Suter 2001). Some of the feelings of why Australia is against such an idea are the fact that they have heavy concerns of invasion from other countries. It has been found that the Parliament of Australia itself believes that once they start allowing activities such as this to take place, more and more foreigners will expect the same type of treatment and before anything would even have a chance to be implemented to prevent this from happening, the whole cou ntry would be enveloped in a tide of other multicultural people from around the world, many of whom would only be coming there for refuge. Suter (2001) details in his article that the Australians fear of invasion runs deep, and can be traced all the way back to the period of the First World War. Also, they have a fear that the Island of Australia itself will eventually become overcrowded and burdened if there is an extensive amount of foreigners continuously coming in for refugee. These are some of the most logical reasons why there is such negativity by the Austrians towards this concept of wholly allowing for multiculturalism to become a constant part of the Island. What some people around the world aren't aware of are the various policies that encircle the country of Australia. Australia was developed through an idea of imperialism and meant for only white settlers. In fact in 1901 there were many strict policy enactments that prevented any one who was non-white from being able t o enter through the Austrian border. Of course times have changed now but there is still a small part of these ideals left within the country and the people of Australia itsel

Overview Of Data Structures And Algorithms Computer Science Essay

Overview Of Data Structures And Algorithms Computer Science Essay As Robert Lafore has stated, data structures are a collection of structures that are used to store data in a memory location. A Data structure is designed to organize data to fulfill ones purpose of accessing and using them. Arrays, linked lists, stacks, binary trees, and hash tables etcThese are included as data structures. But there are data structures that can be thought of as Abstract data types as well, the given examples above can be considered as ADTs except arrays. All most all data structures have both advantages and disadvantages. Nell B.Dale et al (1996) has stated that an abstract data type is one whose set of operations that are defined in a certain level without getting any restrictions from operational details. According to Robert Lafore (2008) An Abstract data type is a way of looking at a data structure simply focusing on what it does instead of focusing on how it does it. Both of these definitions give a similar meaning. If taken from Nell Dales point of view its a set of operations in a certain level that has no restrictions by operational details on it. When compared this definition with Robert Lafores definition, An Abstract data type is a way of looking at the operations of the data structure and as Nell Dale stated in the end without getting any restrictions by operational details. By operational details Nell Dale has meant it does not focus on how on the details of those operations. In conclusion to both these definitions, an abstract data type is a logical operation on certain level of data structures focusing on its process and not its method. Stacks and queues are examples of ADTs. .Classification of data structures Arrays Robert lafore has explained Arrays to be known as the most commonly used data structure in programming. An array is a series of elements that is of the same type and same name. It is possible to create an array of any data type. In order to access an array the array has to have an index. An index is an integer that allows access to each of the elements of an array. Using an array we can name a group of elements instead of naming each of them individually. A simple array will look like this see FIGURE 1.2.1 Data Index FIGURE 1.2.1 a simple array The data within the array are the data entered to an array. And the numbers below outside the array are indexes used to access the particular data packet. Advantages Quick insertion Very fast access if index is known Disadvantages Slow search Slow deletion Fixed size Stacks A stack is special a kind of a list in which both insertion and deletion takes place from the top of the stack. To add new elements to a stack a word called push is used instead of insert and for removal or deleting of an element the word pop is used. Robert lafore(2008) has stated that a stack allows access to only one data item at a time. This is because a stack provides a LIFO or Last in first out method. This means the last data item that is pushed into a stack is the first item that will be popped. Then it provides access to the next data item and so on. By the name of this data structure itself it gives a picture of how the data structure would be. Given an example, a stack of data blocks, the last data block to be entered gets removed first. See FIGURE 1.2.2 Insertion of new data item takes place on top Deletion of item takes place on top Stack of data blocks 30 30 1 1 1 24 24 24 5 5 5 14 14 14 16 16 16 FIGURE 1.2.2 a stack of data blocks Advantages Provides last in first out access Disadvantages Slow access to other items Queues This is a data structure of ordered elements in which insertion takes place at the end and deletion takes place at the front. A queue is a known as a FIFO or first in first out. Unlike stacks in queues the first data item to be entered is removed from the queue first. The process of a queue is easy to understand when modeled to the real world. For example think of the line ups in your local grocery stores. Each of the customers waits in line and one at the front of the line get to go first. Each of the new customers joins the line in the rear. See figure 1.2.3 New customers join at the end of the queue First customer joins the queue, first to go FIGURE 1.2.3 A queue of customers Similar to the figure 1.3 above in computer science the elements which are inserted first in a queue are removed first from the queue. Advantages Provides first in first out access Disadvantages Slow access to other items Linked lists Linked list has a similarity with arrays. D.Samanta (2004) has defined that linked lists as a ordered collection of finite, adjacent data elements called as nodes where linear order is maintained by links or pointers. Links or pointers are used to address to the other node. Simplify by pointing to the next location in the sequence. The pointers are maintained depending on the requirements. FIGURE 1.2.4 shows a simple example of a linked list. Link Link to the next node node Data FIGURE 1.2.4 a simple linked list Advantages Quick insertion Quick deletion Disadvantage Slow search 1.3. Importance of data structures in software industries Importance of data structures To understand the importance of data structures first we have to know what data structures are. It is already explained in the previous sections. What is the importance of it? The importance is that a data structure can give an overview of the types of operations that can be performed and its processes. In a software industry Software industries keep changing and growing continuously, which requires a great deal of innovative ways to solve the problems they face. Use of data structures can bring down the stress level down to a point. Because uses of data structures are most effective if the programmers know what he wants to do with the data, whether he wants random access or the ability to move back and forth through the data. Use of data structures helps the programmer to determine which data structure has to be used in which situations. It is very important that the data are stored in a way that it can be retrieved and accessed easily in the future. Data structures fulfill this importance. According to Robert Lafore (2008) data structure is nominated among three categories where it is useful. Real- world data storage Programmers tools Real-world Modeling These three categories help understand the usefulness of data structures. By real-world data storage it means data is described based on physical entities like personnel records that describe a human, here the data is personnel records and entity is human. Programmers tools are meant to be accessed only by the program itself. Because this is entirely based on the data storage structures that are not meant to be accessed by the user. Stacks, queues, and priority queues are tools that a programmer uses in such a way to facilitate some other operations. Last but not the least its real-world modeling. It is basically structures that model real world situations. The most important data structure of this type is graph. Graphs can be used to represent airlines routes between cities etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Based on these three categories alone, we can point out that data structures provide a vast area in which data structures can be helpful for development of software industries. 1.4. Complexity in relevant to data structures When using data structures there is an important aspect related to them called as algorithms. Robert Lafore (2008) has defined that algorithms are used to manipulate the data within the data structures. Algorithms can be used in various ways, for searching particular data items and sorting the data. Shi kuo chang has stated that the concept of an algorithm is one of the most important elements of computer science. Because its useful to frame a problem and get solutions without any errors. When it comes to algorithms there are two complexities that arise from it, Time complexity and space complexity. Time complexity As Alfred V Aho et al (2009) has explained the time needed by an algorithm given as a function of the problems size is called as the time complexity. There are three cases in time complexity best case, average case and worst case this can be explained separately in relevance to data structures. Best case: This is when an algorithm takes minimum amount of time to search a desired set of inputs. For an example you can take a stack when searching for an element in a stack with a Linear search if u come across the element you are looking for at the top of the stack then it can be called as best time complexity. Average case: Average time complexity is the mean number of operations assuming the probability of the input. The binary search method in algorithm can be identified as an average case time complexity method. Worst case: If an algorithm takes maximum amount of time to find the desired set of inputs then its called a worst case time complexity. For an example you can take a stack again when searching for a desired element using a linear search if it is at the bottom of the stack then it is a worst case time complexity. Space complexity According to Alfred V Aho et al (2009) space complexity determines the size of the problems that can be solved by an algorithm. This simply means this is a function that describes the amount of memory space taken by the algorithm. 1.5 Influence of object oriented programming concepts on data structures According to Matt A.Weisfeld,(2004) Object oriented programming has been around in software development from 1960s. The fact that Object oriented programming helps encapsulate the data and the operations that manipulate them in the object is considered as an advantage that arises from object oriented programming. Tim Patrick et al has explained that when it comes to object oriented programming, there are four main concepts we need to be aware of, as follows. Abstraction Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism . Abstraction:- This is a view of an entity that includes only those aspects that are relevant to a situation. Encapsulation:- This is the process of converting abstraction into a usable software component. A simple explanation is restricting access to the attributes and methods of an object directly. Encapsulation helps encapsulate a process of a data structure. Example can be an array because of the encapsulation an output of an array would be the elements within the array it wont show how it was processed. Inheritance:- This makes it possible for OOP code to build classes that extend or restrict features in other existing classes. Without the need to fully re write the code. Simply speaking, inheritance can receive attributes and methods from super classes. When you take data structures there are special kinds of data structures identified as abstract data types. The inheritance concept can create new abstract data types from old. An example can be a stack. Use of inheritance allows a user to create a new stack from an old one. Polymorphism:- A simple explanation of polymorphism is that a recognised action can be performed differently in different situations by an object. The influence of polymorphism concept in data structures is that it creates operations that can be applicable for data structures which store more than one type of data. An example for this can be linked lists. A linked list can be implemented with operations of stacks and queues using polymorphism concept. These four concepts are included among the other principles of object oriented programming. The last three concepts from the four alone give an idea, how oriented programming object can influence data structures. Task 2 K 2.2 A stack and its procedure for various operations. According to V.rajaraman et al (0000) a stack is a memory location where the data are stored and retrieved in a location called top of the stack. When the data is entered the firstly entered data are pushed there for the first data to be entered will be retrieved last. Unlike a RAM where each of the data can be addressed separately in a stack the only data that can be addressed is the top of the stack. There are two main Operations associated with a stack, PUSH and POP.

The American Family: Then and Now Essay -- Sociology, American History

What exactly is a family? Some would say it is a father, mother, and possibly children, but is this an outdated definition? With the world adapting and changing at such a high rate, it proves difficult to create definite boundaries for what constitutes a family. As events that are either detrimental or beneficial to society occur, family lives adapt to better suit the current state. The differences in culture, religion and traditions can offer possible explanations for why families are not the same, locally and globally. Sociological relationships change to fit the people involved in them, so it only makes sense that family groups would differ by location. This paper will discuss the ways that families in America have evolved over time. Also, I will explain what occurrences caused the need for such changes. The comprehension of any new concept starts with a basic definition. According to Macionis, family is a â€Å"social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including children† (2009:375). The diversity of families in America dates back to the colonial period. There were a variety of different family types that coexisted or competed in colonial America (Coontz 2005: 27). In this time period, the husband would work all day and leave the children at home with the mother. The mother, however would rarely tend to the children. She would do house work and leave the children with an older sibling or servant. This caused a lack of sentimental feelings in childhood because the mother was not the nurturer. Coontz states that among wealthy, white families specifically, the basis of the relationship was built on power, not love (2005: 28). The modernization and industrialization ... ...order for America to continue as a successful country, there will need to be strong family units who are prepared to face the downfalls that will come due to a changing government and economy. The success rates of a family, however, are much deeper than economic or government issues. Hard work, compassion, and communication are components that can be seen in almost any successful family at any time period. In striving to achieve these aspects of a family unit, America’s families would find much more stability than previously seen and be better equipped to face hard times. References Coontz, Stephanie. 2005. â€Å"The Way We Weren’t: The Myth and Reality of the â€Å"Traditional† Family.† National Forum: The Phi Kappa Phi Journal Summer: 27-34. Macionis, John J. Society: the Basics with Additional Readings in Sociology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Entry Barriers in Liquor Industry

ENTRY BARRIERS IN LIQUOR INDUSTRY When a new firm enters into an industry it can affect all of the firms that are currently in that industry. â€Å"new entrants to an industry bring new capacity, the desire to gain market share, and often substantial resources. Prices can be bid down or incumbents cost inflated as a result, reducing profitability. †24Therefore as new firms enter into an industry the entire industry’s potential for sustained profits is reduced due to the increased amount of competition in that industry. Some factors help reduce the threat of entry as they act as barriers that prevent new firms from entering into an industry. These factors include economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, access to distribution channels, and government regulations. When these factors reduce the threat of entry, the profit potential for the industry increases. Economies of Scale. Economies of scale is defined as the â€Å"declines in unit costs of a product as the absolute volume per period increase† Therefore the greater quantity of a product that is produced the lower the cost of each will be to the producer. This creates an advantage for a high volume producer like those seen in the brewing industry. Economies of scale in the brewing industry also exist in areas other than in production and these include purchasing, distribution, and advertising. For example, national brewers achieve economies of scale in advertising through bulk media purchases and umbrella brand marketing. Local-craft brewers spend more than twice that spent by large brewers on marketing and advertising per barrel. 25 One company in particular, which is Anheuser-Busch, has done an extremely good job in exploiting the economies of scale that are present in the brewing industry. Anheuser-Busch has been able to leverage its 45 percent U. S. market share into 75 percent of the industry’s operating profits through significant economies of scale in the areas of raw material procurement, manufacturing efficiency and marketing. †26 As shown here there are substantial economies of scale available in the national beer brewing industry. This is a good factor for firms that are currently in the industry as the y can take advantage of these unit cost breaks and while doing so also discourage the entry of new firms into the industry. Product Differentiation. in general, people cannot tell the difference between brands of beer. Second, more expensive brands do not cost proportionately more to make than â€Å"economy† beer. Capital Requirements. The capital requirements necessary to compete on the national level against the established firms are extremely high. These high costs of operation and construction expenses act as a barrier to entry for firms that are considering trying to compete in this industry on the highest level. Access to Distribution Channels. When a new firm is trying to enter into an industry it can find that existing competitors may have ties with [distribution] channels based on long relationships. Government Regulation. The government's excise policy is subject to a lot of sudden changes. The manufacturers sometimes just need to get their L-1 licenses renewed and at times they need to apply afresh, like in the year 2001. In 1993, the L-1 license holders were allowed to set up 5 ‘dedicated' shops in Delhi in which they could sell their approved brands in addition to having them sold in the government retail shops. The policy was withdrawn in an ad-hoc manner in 1994. On being questioned about the effects of this policy, an official in one of the country's leading breweries said that the introduction of this policy had led to an increase in their revenue by almost 30% which they have lost out on since the policy got crushed. Recently, the government's policy to open up 45 private liquor shops was quashed by the cabinet, because it meant that the MLA's power in the issue of a no-objection certificate for the setting up of a retail outlet would be questioned. Had this policy been implemented, the government would have earned Rs. 7. 5 lakhs on each vend as license fees annually.

Free Essays on Harry Potter And The Socerers Stone

Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone By J.K. Rowling J.K. Rowling was a struggling single mother when she wrote the beginnings of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s stone on scraps of paper at a local Cafà ©. But her efforts soon paid off, as she received an unprecedented award from the Scottish Arts Council enabling her to finish the book. Since then, the debut novel has become an international phenomenon, garnering rave reviews and major awards, including the British Book Awards, Children’s Book of the Year and the Smarties Prize. J.K. Rowling lives in Edinburgh with her daughter. Since J.K. Rowling was about five or six years old, She had always wanted to be a writer, though she rarely told anyone because she was afraid they’d tell her she didn’t have a chance. As J.K. Rowling approached teen-hood she started writing a lot mainly about funny fantasy like stories. When J.K. Rowling was working as a secretary she never paid much attention in her meetings because she was usually scribbling bits of her latest stories in the margins of the paper or choosing excellent names for the characters in her book. Which became a problem since she was supposed to be taking minutes down at the meeting. When she was 26 she gave up on offices completely and went abroad to teach English as A Foreign Language in Brazil. Since she only worked afternoons and evenings she had mornings free for writing. This was particularly good news as she had now started her third novel because the first two had been abandoned when she realized how bad they were. The new book was about a boy who found out he was a wizard and was sent off to Wizard school. When she came back from Brazil she had half a suitcase full of papers covered with stories about Harry Potter. She set a goal and decided to have the Harry Potter Novel done before starting work as a French teacher. ... Free Essays on Harry Potter And The Socerers Stone Free Essays on Harry Potter And The Socerers Stone Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone By J.K. Rowling J.K. Rowling was a struggling single mother when she wrote the beginnings of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s stone on scraps of paper at a local Cafà ©. But her efforts soon paid off, as she received an unprecedented award from the Scottish Arts Council enabling her to finish the book. Since then, the debut novel has become an international phenomenon, garnering rave reviews and major awards, including the British Book Awards, Children’s Book of the Year and the Smarties Prize. J.K. Rowling lives in Edinburgh with her daughter. Since J.K. Rowling was about five or six years old, She had always wanted to be a writer, though she rarely told anyone because she was afraid they’d tell her she didn’t have a chance. As J.K. Rowling approached teen-hood she started writing a lot mainly about funny fantasy like stories. When J.K. Rowling was working as a secretary she never paid much attention in her meetings because she was usually scribbling bits of her latest stories in the margins of the paper or choosing excellent names for the characters in her book. Which became a problem since she was supposed to be taking minutes down at the meeting. When she was 26 she gave up on offices completely and went abroad to teach English as A Foreign Language in Brazil. Since she only worked afternoons and evenings she had mornings free for writing. This was particularly good news as she had now started her third novel because the first two had been abandoned when she realized how bad they were. The new book was about a boy who found out he was a wizard and was sent off to Wizard school. When she came back from Brazil she had half a suitcase full of papers covered with stories about Harry Potter. She set a goal and decided to have the Harry Potter Novel done before starting work as a French teacher. ...

Importance of Requiem essays

Importance of Requiem essays How important is the requiem to the play in content and mood? A requiem is a special ceremony to honour the souls of the dead. In the requiem we see Linda, Biff, Happy and Charley paying their last respect to Willy, who had died earlier on. In many ways, the play has a great significant, as it gives us the opportunity to assess the validity of what Willy said about his funeral and to an extent see the aftermath of his life. Willy believed that his funeral would be as the funeral of Dave Singleman, which was, "Hundreds of salesmen and buyers were at his funeral," which is the way Willy expects his own funeral to be, as he said, earlier in the play, "But the funeral-Ben, the funeral will be massive." In contrary to what Willy believed his funeral wasn't "massive," there were only four people who attended it, Biff, Happy, Linda and Charley, there wasn't any "strange license plates." The belief that he was respected, liked and known becomes clearly unfounded. In some ways the simple funeral can act as a justification to Willy's life, which is based on his dreams of "making it big," was simply just a phony dream and imagination. His philosophy of life of being "well liked," respected and successful, seemed to be unjustified by the absence of people who "respect" him. It also gives a sense that the dream that Willy believed in so deeply, the American dream, doesn't apply top everyone, and that most of the people are just ordinary. Willy, who believes in the greatness of the America dream, never realised that he was just ordinary, despite Biff saying, earlier on, "Will you take that phony dream, and burn it before something happens?" Willy, however remained to live in his dream world, and took Biffs love as a justification of Willy committing suicide. Biff also knew that Willy had the wrong dreams, as he says, "He had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong" Willy also never realised that what is important in life i...

Early Constitutional Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Early Constitutional Issues - Essay Example Today, racial discrimination not only involves African-Americans. It includes Mexican-Americans, Chinese-Americans and the a lot more. America as a country has evolved to be a melting pot of races and cultures. As a result of this influx of various cultures, the problem of discrimination acquired a different face. It no longer existed against African-Americans but to different cultures as well. Also, being a melting pot of races and cultures, a new problem of cultural diversity emerged. We want to be sensitive of cultural differences and yet we do not want to be discriminatory. Finding the balance is the challenge that we face now-a-days. Glenn Freeman raised the argument that today’s notion of multiculturalism and diversity actually divides American into groups instead of uniting them as one people because the focus is on differences. In a way, I agree with Mr. Freeman. By focusing on differences, on what is unique in one culture, the necessary consequence is division in groups. Of course people tend to gravitate on people who they relate to, who they have more things in common with. However, I believe that cultural division is not always bad. Cultural division does not necessarily result in oppression of one group against another. If people have respect for one another, they would respect difference and they would be able to co-exist despite the differences. Alexis de Tocqueville presented the argument that one of the reason why the abolition of slavery became difficult is because white men believed that by emancipating Negroes, they will revolt and take vengeance against those who enslaved them. Because of this fear of retribution, they became hesitant to give them any privilege whatsoever. Slavery becomes universally abhorred and they free the very people they actually oppressed. The fear that the African race would rise up and avenge the hundred years of oppression is very

Healthcare for the Elderly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Healthcare for the Elderly - Essay Example reece, Germany and Italy, increase in taxes to fund healthcare for the older population and decline in trade and savings as these older population retire from active social participation. These challenges being witnessed today will continue to be witnessed in future unless governments come up with responsive policies to address the situation. The best theory to apply in an ethical dilemma for how best to allocate the limited healthcare resources for an aging population and end-of-life care is utilitarianism (Harris, 1987). The theory holds that the best ethically acceptable action is the one that leads to greatest overall benefits. Accordingly, the practical use of utilitarian will be though the application of Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) as a tool of assessing the total gains from heath care approaches compared to others. The ethical challenges to preparation of this healthcare provision are that utilitarian principle in resource allocation fails to offer an equitable approach of distributing resource (Lockwood, 1988). In addition, it fails to consider the variations in need for health care by focusing only on the benefits to be achieved, yet some groups may be more deserving to be allocated those resources. National Institute on Aging (2007): Why Population Aging Matters. A Global Perspective: National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health And Human Services: Retrieved from:

Managing Activities to Achieve Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Managing Activities to Achieve Results - Essay Example Tesco’s website states that the vision of the company is â€Å"for Tesco to be most highly valued by the customers we serve, the communities in which we operate, our loyal and committed staff and our shareholders; to be a growth company; a modern and innovative company and winning locally, applying our skills globally† (Tesco Plc, 2011b). This can be broken down into four key aspects each of which has implications for the structure and culture of the business.-  To be the most highly valued business: to be highly valued as a business, Tesco needs to continue its focus on satisfying customers. This involves all levels of management. Specifically, the company needs to ensure that the customers are happy with the service they receive at the individual level, through interactions with frontline (level one) staff. In addition, value within the company image must be maintained, with business advertising and actions reflecting their desire to help the customer. This can be s een in the focus of the company culture on satisfying customers, and in the manner in which all levels of the business interact and communicate with one another. -  To remain a growth company: the organisational structure of Tesco allows for significant communication across different areas of the business. Because of this, the company is able to quickly adapt to any important events such as sudden demand for a particular item or a national or global crisis.The company visualizes itself to be serving and retaining its loyal customers.... Tesco Plc’s company culture is to consider that their customers are above all else and aim to give customers a positive experience to ensure that they continue to shop at the company . To achieve this all the levels of management within the organisation interact and communicate efficiently with one another with a strong focus on customer service and customer satisfaction. 1b) Tesco’s website states that the vision of the company is â€Å"for Tesco to be most highly valued by the customers we serve, the communities in which we operate, our loyal and committed staff and our shareholders; to be a growth company; a modern and innovative company and winning locally, applying our skills globally† . This can be broken down into four key aspects each of which has implications for the structure and culture of the business. To be the most highly valued business: to be highly valued as a business, Tesco needs to continue its focus on satisfying customers. This involves all levels of management. Specifically, the company needs to ensure that the customers are happy with the service they receive at the individual level, through interactions with frontline (level one) staff. In addition, value within the company image must be maintained, with business advertising and actions reflecting their desire to help the customer. This can be seen in the focus of the company culture on satisfying customers, and in the manner in which all levels of the business interact and communicate with one another. To remain a growth company: the organisational structure of Tesco allows for significant communication across different areas of the business. Because of this, the company is able to quickly adapt to any important events such as sudden demand for a particular item or

Antebellum Period Essay Example for Free

Antebellum Period Essay During the time period between 1825-1850, known as the Antebellum Period, the series of reform movements that emerged sought to democratic ideals of equality, liberty, the right to vote, and a more centralized government. The Second Great Awakening, one of many religious reforms, expanded equality through the belief that everyone could attain salvation through hard work and faith. The Second Great Awakening was the spark for many of the other reform movements, such as Temperance, Womens Rights, and Abolition. These movements along with reforms of prisons and mental facilities, and education attempted to craft America into a more utopian society. The Second Great Awakening had started after the Revolutionary War, gained momentum around the turn of the century, and was at its strongest during the Antebellum Period. It was driven by the idea that everyone could be saved through revivals. Revivals were especially prevalent in upstate New York, which was nicknamed the â€Å"burned-over district† by Charles Finney, a prominent Presbyterian leader of The Second Great Awakening. Because there were so many revivals there, it seemed like there couldnt possibly be anyone left to convert. Social activism became the main method of revival in the North. Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist denominations made huge gains in membership in the South and on the frontier were â€Å"camp meeting† revivals took place. As in Document B where Finney said the reforms awakened and converted even the â€Å"most abandoned profligates†, the protestant ministers in the South preached to people of all classes and races, including free blacks, slaves, and slaveholders. Free blacks began to start their own churches on the belief that everyone needed to hear messages of salvation and personal freedom. Due to prejudices against them, many free blacks separated from the Methodist church. One such man named Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal denomination. Blacks had more freedom within the Baptist church, as they could become ministers, and many black Baptist congregations were formed. Also during this time, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers and Baptists deve loped due to desires to restore primitive forms of Christianity, known as the Restoration Movement. In the late 1820s, Joseph Smith claimed to receive visions of a new sacred text/supplement to the Bible, the Book of Mormon. He founded a primitivist church called the Church of Christ on the teachings of this book and other revelations. Mormons established their first community in western New York. They then moved to Kirtland, Ohio, where Mormons faced persecution and Joseph Smith was assassinated. The first split in the church came surrounding the question of the next leader, but most Mormons migrated to Utah, spreading their message and gaining followers on the way, under the leadership of Brigham Young. Other popular groups that rose were the Unitarians and Universalists. Unitarianism is named for its understanding of God as one person, unlike the traditional Christian doctrine of Trinitarianism which defines God as three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Ghost) coexisting as one in being. It teaches that Jesus was a prophet and in some sense the â€Å"son† of God, but not God himself. Universalists believe that all humans either may or will be saved through Jesus Christ and eventually go to heaven. Teachings of the Second Great Awakening endorsed a strong work ethic, frugality and temperance within the expanding middle class. The Temperance Movement sprung from the social activism of the Second Great Awakening. Alcoholism was a growing problem in the United States: spousal abuse, family neglect and chronic unemployment were on the rise, issues which are shown in The Drunkards Progress (Document H). It was an area that social activists felt needed addressing. Lyman Beecher, a leading Presbyterian minister of the Second Great Awakening, lectured against the use of alcohol and co-founded the American Temperance Society, the first U.S. social movement organization to mobilize massive and national support for a specific reform cause. Within 12 years, it claimed more than 8000 local groups and 1,500,000 members. Many other Temperance societies popped up, such as the American Temperance Union and the States Delevan Union Temperance Society of Colored People, a temperance society headed by free blacks. The Temperance Movement first saw statewide success in Maine, where a total ban was placed on the manufacturing and sale of liquor. The Maine Law, as it became known as, was the work of Portland mayor Neal Dow, who gained the nicknames the â€Å"Father of Prohibition† and the â€Å"Napoleon of Temperance†. Dow was very involved in the temperance movement, having traveled much of the northeastern United States and parts of Canada speaking against intemperance. His Maine Law spawned other prohibition laws in the country. The Temperance Movement expanded democratic ideals by asking the government to govern the sale of alcohol, making the government more centralized. The Second Great Awakenings emphasis on t he ability of individuals to amend their lives caused many reform movements aimed at redressing injustice and alleviating suffering in society—a democratizing effect. Abolitionism was one such movement, and it to was led in part by leaders of the Second Great Awakening. It called the immediate ending of slavery, as opposed to the other anti-slavery positions of the time, Gradualism; which called for an end to slavery over time; and colonization; which relied on the manumission of slaves who would then be taken back to Africa. Lyman Beecher was also an Abolitionist, and more importantly the father of Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Toms Cabin. The novel was the most influential piece of abolitionist literature and spread the Abolitionist message to millions of Americans. Charles Finney often spoke out against slavery from the pulpit and was involved in the abolitionist movement. Neal Dow was also a known abolitionist, his house was a stop on The Underground Railroad. Just like with the Temperance Movement, many Abolitionist societies formed, the most prominent being the American Anti-Slavery Society (AAS). The AAS was founded by William Lloyd Garrison, the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. Garrison was in support of immediate emancipation of the slaves and their integration into American society. He also believed that slave owners should not be reimbursed for their â€Å"lost property†. Wendell Phillips became a frequent speaker at AAS conventions after witnessing the attempted lynching of Garrison by a pro-slavery mob in 1835. He went on to write many pamphlets and essays against slavery. Sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke became well known anti-slavery speakers and writers. They came from a slave-owning white family in the South and spoke from experience on the evils of slavery. Angelina married fellow abolitionist and mentor Theodore Weld. Weld spoke out against slavery until he lost his voice in 1837. He then focused on writing for the AAS. In 1839, he and the Grimkà © sisters co-wrote the pivotal book American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witn esses. Many historians regard Weld as the most important figure in the abolitionist movement. Escaped slave Frederick Douglass went around the country speaking at AASS conventions and at other events about the things he personally experienced as a slave. He published the North Star, an aboltionist newspaper that got its name from the North Star which guided slaves to freedom in the North. Escaped slaves Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth also became speakers and leaders in the Abolitionist Movement. Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape from the South on the Underground Railroad and became friends with Douglass. Truth also became friends with Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. The abolitionist movement promoted democratic ideals as it tried expand freedom and equality to the slaves. Women were heavily involved with the Temperance and Abolitionist movements, and many of them went on to work with the Womens Rights Movement. For many women, and as shown in Document C, the two causes were intertwined because they work for their own liberty as well. The role of women in the household had begun to change with the ongoing Industrial Revolution. A group of young single women known as Lowell girls worked in factories. In the middle and upper classes, women became the moral and spiritual leaders of their households, known as the Cult of Domesticity. Along with speaking on temperance and abolition, some women began speaking on womens rights at conventions. One such woman was Lucretia Mott. She was focused mostly on womens rights, publishing her influential Discourse on Woman and founding Swarthmore College. She became a Quaker minister, and was noted for her speaking ability. She advocated the boycotting the products of slave labor. She was an early supporter of William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society. She worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and the two women organized the first womens rights convention which was held in Seneca Falls, New York. At the convention, Stanton stated that they were assembled to â€Å"declare our right to be free as man is free† (Document I) and presented the Declaration of Sentiments, a document written by Stanton and based on the form of the Declaration of Independence. It declared that men and women were equal and that women had no representation since they couldnt vote. Frederick Douglass, who was in attendance at the convention and helped pass the resolutions in the Declaration of Sentiments called the document the â€Å"grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women†. The Grimke sisters, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth were also suffragists. The Womens Rights Movement expanded democratic ideals because it pushed for equality and the right to vote for women. Another reform started during this period was an education reform. The education reform was pushed by increasing interest in public education because the growing number of voters and immigrants and a desire to maintain social order. It was largely the works of Massachusetts School Board Secretary Horace Mann. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for normal schools to train professional teachers. He pushed for more public support of public schools arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nations unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens. He has been called the â€Å"Father of the Common School Movement and the â€Å"Father of American Public Education†. His schools and other schools around the country used McGuffey Readers; document e is a selection from one; as textbooks. There were different books for each learning level.

Factors Influencing Airline Industry Performance In Europe Tourism Essay

Factors Influencing Airline Industry Performance In Europe Tourism Essay The airline transportation industry started in Europe with KLM the Netherland national airline which was founded on 7 October 1919, making it the oldest carrier in the world and the company is still operating under its original name, although the company stopped operating during the Second World War apart from the operations in the Dutch Antilles in the Caribbean. The first KLM flight was on 17 May 1920, from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers.  [1]  The European airline sector has historically been dominated by national flag carriers who together account for over 70% of civilian passenger traffic. These airlines came up after the Second World War and were state-owned or state-sponsored. Examples include British Airways, Lufthansa, Swiss International Airline, SN Brussels, Alitalia, Iberia, Air France KLM and many others which are still the major airlines carrier in Europe today.(Debarshi Datta and Subham L. Chakravar ty, 2006)  [2]  We cannot talk about the airline industry without mentioning the IATA (International Air Transport Association). IATA is an international trade body, created in 1944 by a group of airlines. Today, IATA represents some 230 airlines comprising 93% of scheduled  international air traffic. The organization role is also to represents, leads and serves the airline industry in general. All the rules and regulation in the airline industry are set by IATA. The main aim of IATA is to provide safe and secure transportation to the passengers.  [3]   Over the years, the airline industry has grown from an experimental mode of transportation to a major part of the worlds transportation system, carrying an estimated 1.5 billion passengers annually. Airline industry today is facing multiple difficulties and most of the traditional airlines today are having losses. IATA said airlines Carriers have suffered losses of $50bn over the past 10 years, and still face a series of risks which are the factors that directly causes these bad performances. We have identified those factors in the European airline industry ranging from international financial crisis, terrorism threats, alternative transport mode, foreign competition fuel cost fluctuation to the presence of low cost carrier. Fuel cost fluctuation Today airlines companies face many problems there are many factors that contribute to these problems and the unstable fuel cost is one of them. The value of a barrel of oil has a direct impact on airliners within the European aviation industry. With the current political disputes in Eastern Europe between Ukrainian oil and gas company Naftohaz Ukrainy and Russian gas supplier Gazprom over natural gas supplies, numerous European countries that depend on Russian natural gas transported through Ukraine. The unrest in Nigeria with pipelines attacks, kidnapped petroleum company employees and in the Middle East with Iraq war and Iran nuclear ambitions, all this influence the oil production in these countries therefore the cost of oil is likely to rise as is the unstable nature of this resource and industry in general. According to the statistics from the General Aviation Bureau, due to the fuel price surge, the cost of fuel has accounted to 31% of the cost of major business of airline comp anies in the first half of the year 2008 from 22%. The whole airline industry has afforded additional cost expenditure of $200 million for the same period. Increases in fuel prices affect the airlines in many ways, first the cost of fuel has an obvious and direct impact on the cost of operation, and secondly fuel cost increases have repeatedly triggered economic recessions, which in turn result in a substantial decline in demand for air travel and air cargo. Fuel price increases have a particularly adverse impact on airlines because even in good time fuel costs constitute around 10% to 12% of their operating expense. Every penny increase in the price of jet fuel costs the airline industry $180 million a year.  [4]  In the absence of pricing power, the ability to pass these costs along in the form of higher airfares -these increases comes right off the bottom line of these companies.  [5]  The airlines are doing everything they can to conserve and reduce their fuel consumptio n. With the evolution of commercial aviation, airlines have insisted upon the most fuel-efficient aircraft possible and have worked with airframe and engine manufacturers to reduce fuel consumption but still the fuel price is an incontrollable factor that they have to deal with. Terrorism threats The impact of the terrorism on the Airline industry is still present few years after September 11, 2001. This continues to have a strong influence on the air travel industry. Some airlines did not survive the financial wreckage immediately after 9/11 most laid off workers, and it seemed that other terrorist plots were uncovered or thwarted in an age of security alerts.  [6]  The September 11 bombing has a very negative effect on all the airlines companies due to the fact that many people start to fear for their security, with the final result of a decline of the people wish to travel by plane and therefore airlines sales. Because of the recession in the airline industry at that time many companies have gone bankrupt.  [7]  The most recent terrorist attack in a plane was in Christmas day December 25, 2009, Oumar Farouk Abdulmutallab travelled to Amsterdam, where he boarded Northwest Airlines Flight 253 en route to Detroit, Michigan while reaching he tried to blow up the plane with and explosive but he was stopped by the passengers. This attempt shows that the terrorism threat is still present. Today, there are new security checks before boarding the latest one is the scanner. The others were implement after 9/11.Some of these check up are very outrageous Shoes and belts off, Laptops out. Hands up Standing in an especially long security queue, passing through the metal detector, dogs. All liquids, gels and aerosols must be in 100ml or smaller containers. Larger containers that are half-full or toothpaste tubes rolled up are not allowed. All liquids, gels and aerosols must be placed in a single, quart-size, zip-top, clear plastic bag. Gallon size bags or bags that are not zip-top such as fold-over sandwich bags are not allowed. Each traveler can use only one clear plastic bag.  [8]  Many others other restrictions make passengers even more uncomfortable. All this mix with the fear of a potential risk of terrorist attack in a plane because they have see n what happen before make people change their way of travelling. That is one of the reasons why there is a reduction in the flight ticket sales in European countries. Financial crisis The International Air Transport Association (IATA), which represents most of the airlines worldwide, reported in December 2008 that international air passenger traffic fell 4.6% year-over-year, and only about 74% of plane seats were sold. International air cargo volume fell an unprecedented 22.6% year-over-year, a sign of the slowdown in world trade and plummeting consumer spending.  [9]  This is the first time in memory that airlines in virtually every region of the world have been simultaneously hurt by falling ticket sales and cargo loads. The international financial crisis make a lot of company went bankrupt and the one which didnt close cut down their workforce to face multiple difficulties. Many people today spend less money for their travel and leisure time because they earn less and some family even suspend totally the travels to use the money for other purposes. People like to conserve money to cover the essentials of life such as food, shelter and family necessities. Eu rope had been hit by the crisis and millions of person lost their jobs. There has been a marked reduction in business activities and consumer spending, and this affects the airline industry, as business travel slows, and discretionary spending on leisure travel goes down. Companies such as British airways, Air France KLM, Alitalia and many others are facing financial difficulties. With millions euro of losses since 2008 company like British airways even ask the employee to work for free a week or more than that to save the company. Foreign competition Airlines is a very competitive industry most of the countries around the world have their national airline company and apart from that there are private owned Airlines all over the world. Air transport within the EU has been liberalised through three successive packages of directives and regulations. The effects of these different steps taken have been to extend the principle of the single market to air transport within the EU. The liberalisation process of the European airline market (open skies) has led to stronger competition with an increase in the supply of air transport and lower tariffs, especially on routes where airlines compete. (J.F.Pons, December 1999)  [10]  apart from this, there are others agreement that European countries had signed with Asian, African and American countries to allow their companies to operate in Europe. All these agreements make the European market the toughest in term of competition. The competitors of European companies are Singapore Airlines, Emirates, American Airline, Continental and others. But the most aggressive competitors come from the Middle Eastern airline such as Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways these two companies are not making any profit since their creation there are granted by their respective government therefore their quick expansion. Qatar Airways only operate with more 82 planes and has 220 planes in order for more than $40 billion worth and Etihad airways operate with 56 planes and has 106 planes in order the company is planning to double the number of cities Etihad services to 100 and to fly 25million passengers by 2020.  [11]  These goals will be supported by Etihads $43 billion shopping spree at the UKs Farnborough Air Show at which it purchased 55 Airbus aircraft and 45 aircraft from Boeing.  [12]  This show that the competition in the European market will be more difficult with time to come therefore the European airlines carrier must be ready to face it. Alternative transport mode The evolution of technology today brought various ways of travelling and ameliorates the existing transportation mode. There are many alternative way of travelling without taking a plane such as bus, train, boat and many others. The building of new infrastructure had reduced the travel distance. Today the main alternative transportation mode that we can consider as a potential concurrent is the high speed train with the constructions of the tunnel under Manche Sea to link Britain with mainland Europe. Eurostar (high speed train) operate this route linking London to Paris and Brussels.  [13]  The time that it takes to link London to Brussels in Belgium with the high speed train is just 1hour 51 minutes and it is two times cheaper than the flight ticket. With a multilingual staff, their aim is to offer integrated high-speed rail travel between major European cities and to compete with airlines on punctuality, environment, pricing and speed. A high-speed rail network a cross seven c ountries in Europe will soon compete with airlines as the most convenient way to travel. The intercity network will mean that a passenger will be able to hop on a train travelling from London to Frankfurt in just five hours for as little as  £69. Passengers will also be able to travel between France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Austria without leaving the ground in the year 2007 15 millions person use this train and they are planning to have more than 25 million passengers by 2010. All this level we can see that the high speed trains are serious concurrent because they are targeting airline passengers as their potential future customers.  [14]   Presence of Low Cost Carrier (LCC) Low cost carrier are those airlines which offer low fares for all the destinations where they are operating and charge for food, priority boarding, seat allocating, and baggages. This type of company lowers their operating cost. With just a single class and more seats in the plane and a multi task for example flight attendants also cleaning the aircraft or working as gate agents, simplified routes, emphasizing point-to-point transit instead of transfers at hubs. This help the company to considerably reduce it operation cost and therefore sells it flying ticket at a low price. The major low cost carriers in Europe are Ryanair, Easy jet, Germanwing and Tulfly. On March 2010, The European Low Fares Airline Association (ELFAA) announced that last year its members carried 162.5 million passengers and accounting for over 35% of scheduled intra-European Air traffic, representing an 8.7% increase on the previous year.  [15]  . A Low cost Carrier like Ryanair make a profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã ‚ ¬105 million at the year ended 2009 compare to British Airways a traditional airline carrier which make a loss of  £358 million at the year ended 2009.  [16]  We can see that the low cost carriers are growing very fast and they have a control over their operating cost. That is why they are the only Airlines which make benefits today although the airline industry is in crisis. Low cost carriers fares are one of the reasons why traditional airlines are facing difficulties today and these LCC are therefore attracting the passenger of the traditional carrier. Research frame work Independent variables dependent variable Fuel cost fluctuation Terrorism threats Financial crisis Foreign competition Alternative transport mode Presence of Low Cost Carrier Airline Industry performance in Europe Research objectives To examine how fuel cost fluctuation affect the airline industry performance in Europe To determine the effect of the terrorism threats on the airline industry performance in Europe To survey the impact of financial crisis on the airline industry performance in Europe To analyse how the foreign competition influence the airline industry performance in Europe To identify the alternative transport mode and his effect on the airline industry performance in Europe To understand how presence of low cost carrier impacts the airline industry performance in Europe Research methodology 1-Target respondent: our target respondent in this research will be the management people of the Airlines companies and in certain measure the customers. We choose these persons because they are the one directly concern by our research and they can give their feedback which is what we are looking at. 2- Types of data Secondary data: are information from secondary sources, it is not directly compiled by the analyst and could include published or unpublished work based on research that relies on primary sources of any material other than primary sources used to prepare a written work. Here we have to show the sources of the secondary data used in our research we exploit; Websites, Journals and books. Primary data: Are information that has been collected at first hand. Theses specifics informations are collected by the person who is doing the research. Primary data collection involves measurement of some sort, whether by taking readings off instruments, sketching, counting, or conducting interviews (using questionnaires). To interview our respondent, we will use the personal interview for the management people of the Airlines companies because they will be few and to have an accurate answer. For the customers, we will be using the telephone interview because it is the one that we will have a direct access to the customers and therefore they will be less chance of having a mistaken answer from the respondent. Our research here doesnt use primary data but this is the questionnaire that can be used when interviewing the persons involves (respondent). 3- Measurement Variables Measurement The industry performance -Passengers loading -profitability Fuel cost -World fuel price Terrorism -Number of incident and places Financial crisis -Economic data GDP Foreign competition -Number of foreign Airlines Alternative transportation -Number and types of different alternative transportation Low cost carrier -Number of Low cost carrier Time scale: Gantt chart Task Month1 Moth 2 Moth 3 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 Writing of proposal Submission of proposal Proposal defense Data collection Organization of data Analysis of data Writing of dissertation Submission of dissertation